The Jolly Flatboatmen

Near the end of his life, genre painter George Caleb Bingham returned to one of his best-known themes—river boatmen at leisure, the subject of the 1846 painting (National Gallery of Art) that catapulted him to fame. Long erroneously dated to 1848, the Terra Foundation for American Art’s Jolly Flatboatmen closely follows the earlier work in subject and composition, but the artist suppressed several details and dramatically altered the pose of the dancer who dominates the varied group of boatmen taking their ease. In the earlier version, the dancer ducks his head and glances to the side as he snaps his fingers to the tune played on fiddle and skillet; here he flourishes a hat in one hand and a ragged red scarf in the other while smiling directly at the viewer in the flatboat’s path.

Bingham had supplemented his meager formal artistic training by studying engravings of the great European art of the past. The Jolly Flatboatmen’s pyramidal organization of figures and the illusion of deep recession into space reflect Renaissance models. In this later version of the painting, the artist expanded his references to precedent: the dancer’s pose is copied from a Hellenistic sculpture of a dancing satyr that was widely reproduced in mid-nineteenth-century America, while the red cloth he waves highlights the correspondence between Bingham’s entire composition and French Romantic painter Théodore Géricault’s (1791–1824) celebrated painting The Raft of the ‘Medusa’ (1819, Louvre Museum), which Bingham may well have known through an engraving.

In the 1840s, Bingham’s paintings of river life, though consciously composed, reflected contemporary reality. In this late work, however, Bingham’s abundant quotation from artistic precedent underscores the dissociation between the artwork and the subject it presents. By 1877 such a typical scene of river life could only be viewed nostalgically. Steamboats had long supplanted barges and flatboats and the railroad had rendered water transport obsolete; the independent river hand was a figure of the past. In this version of The Jolly Flatboatmen the artist revisited the triumph of his earlier career as well as the bygone times of his native region.

[possibly exhibited] Kansas City Exposition, Kansas City, Missouri, September 1878.

Exhibition, Kansas City Art Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, 1909.

George Caleb Bingham, The Missouri Artist 1811–1879, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York, January 30–March 7, 1935. [exh. cat.]

George Caleb Bingham Sesquicentennial Exhibition 1811–1961, William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art, Kansas City, Missouri, March 16–April 30, 1961; Museum of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, May 16–June 30, 1961, no. 41.

George Caleb Bingham, The Missouri Artist 1811–1879, National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., October 19, 1967–January 1, 1968; The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio, January 14–March 10, 1968; Art Gallery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, April 7–May 19, 1968.

Focus George Caleb Bingham: The Jolly Flatboatmen in Port, City Art Museum of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, February 18-mid June 1969.

Out of Sight, Works of Art from San Diego Collections, Fine Arts Gallery of San Diego, San Diego, California (organizer). Venue: Fine Arts Gallery of San Diego, San Diego, California, March 18–April 23, 1972.  [exh. cat.]

Long Term Loan, Fine Arts Gallery of San Diego, San Diego, California, February 9, 1972–August 5, 1975.

American Narrative Painting, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, October 1–November 17, 1974. [exh. cat.]

Life in 19th Century America, Terra Museum of American Art, Evanston, Illinois (organizer). Venue: Terra Museum of American Art, Evanston, Illinois, September 11–November 15, 1981. [exh. cat.]

Masterworks in American Art from the Daniel J. Terra Collection, Terra Museum of American Art, Evanston, Illinois (organizer). Venue: Terra Museum of American Art, Evanston, Illinois, April 27–September 12, 1985.

Nineteenth Century Genre Painting from The Daniel J. Terra Collection, Terra Museum of American Art, Evanston, Illinois (organizer). Venue: Terra Museum of American Art, Evanston, Illinois, November 15, 1985–January 12, 1986.

A New World - American Landscape Painting 1839–1900, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden (organizer). Venues: Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden, September 18–November 23, 1986; Goteborgs Konstmuseum, Gothenburg, Sweden, December 6, 1986–February 15, 1987.

A Proud Heritage: Two Centuries of American Art, Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois (organizer). Venue: Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois, April 21–June 21, 1987. [exh. cat.]

Selections from the Permanent Collection: Life in 19th Century America, Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois (organizer). Venue: Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois, June 24–September 6, 1987.

Collection Cameo, Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois, September 1990.

America in Art: Fifty Great Paintings Celebrating Fifty Years, Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, California (organizer). Venue: Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, California, June 6–August 11, 1991. [exh. cat.]

Attitudes Toward Nature, Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois (organizer). Venue: Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois, September 30, 1995–April 21, 1996.

Visions of a Nation: Exploring Identity through American Art, Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois (organizer). Venue: Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois, August 10, 1996–January 12, 1997.

Selected Works from the Collections: Two Hundred Years of American Art, Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois (organizer). Venue: Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois, April 12–August 27, 1997.

The American West: Out of Myth, Into Reality, The Trust for Museum Exhibitions, Washington, D.C. (organizer). Venues: Terra Museum of American Art, June 24–September 17, 2000; Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio, October 8–December 31, 2000. [exh. cat.]

Héroïque et le quotidien: les artistes américains, 1820–1920 (The Extraordinary and the Everyday: American Perspectives, 1820–1920) Musée d'Art Américain Giverny, France (organizer). Venue: Musée d'Art Américain Giverny, France, April 1–November 30, 2001. [exh. cat.]

D'une colonie à une collection: le Musée d'Art Américain Giverny fête ses dix ans (From a Colony to a Collection: Celebrating the Tenth Anniversary of the Musée d'Art Américain Giverny), Musée d'Art Américain Giverny, France (organizer). Venue: Musée d'Art Américain Giverny, France, March 30–June 16, 2002.

A Place on the Avenue: Terra Museum of American Art Celebrates 15 Years in Chicago, Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois (organizer). Venue: Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois, November 16, 2002–February 16, 2003 (on exhibit extended run: November 2, 2002–March 2, 2003).

The People Work: American Perspectives, 1840–1940 (Le Travail à l'oeuvre: les artistes américains, 1840–1940), Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois (organizer). Venues: Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois, March 15–May 25, 2003; Musée d'Art Américain Giverny, France, June 8-August 17, 2003. [exh. cat.]

Copley to Cassatt: Masterworks from the Terra Collection, New Britain Museum of American Art, New Britain, Connecticut, and Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois (organizer). Venue: New Britain Museum of American Art, New Britain, Connecticut, September 5–December 7, 2003.

A Narrative of American Art, Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois (organizer). Venue: Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois, February 13–October 31, 2004.

Expanded Galleries of American Art with Loans from the Terra Foundation for American Art Collection, The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, April 15, 2005–May 2007.

Le Temps des loisirs : peintures américaines (At Leisure: American Paintings), Musée d'Art Américain Giverny, France (organizer). Venues: Musée d'Art Américain Giverny, France, July 15–October 31, 2007 (included in exhibition through September 2007).

Art in America: 300 Years of Innovation, Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York, NY and Terra Foundation for American Art, Chicago, IL (organizers). Venues: National Museum of China, Beijing, China, February 9–April 5, 2007; Shanghai Museum, Shanghai, China, April 30–June 30, 2007; Shanghai Museum of Contemporary Art, Shanghai, China, April 30–June 30, 2007. (Shanghai presentations ran concurrently); The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow, Russia, July 23–September 9, 2007; Guggenheim Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain, October 15, 2007–April 27, 2008 (exhibited only in Bibao through January 13, 2008). [exh. cat.]

Le Temps des loisirs : peintures américaines (At Leisure: American Paintings), Musée d'Art Américain Giverny, France (organizer). Venues: Musée d'Art Américain Giverny, France, April 1–October 31, 2008.

Die Düsseldorfer Malerschule und ihre internationale Ausstrahlung 1819–1918," Museum Kunstpalast, Düsseldorf, Germany (organizer). Venue: Museum Kunstpalast, Düsseldorf, Germany, September 23, 2011–January 23, 2012. [exh. cat.]

New Frontier II. L'Art américain entre au Louvre. Aux sources de la peinture de genre américain (exhibition title at Musée du Louvre),American Encounters: Genre Painting and Everyday Life (exhibition title at United States venues), Musée du Louvre, Paris; Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Bentonville, Arkansas; High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia; Terra Foundation for American Art, Chicago, Illinois (organizers). Venues: Musée du Louvre, January 19–April 22, 2013, Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, May 11–August 12, 2013, High Museum of Art, September 14, 2013–January 12, 2014. [exh. cat.]

Navigating the West: George Caleb Bingham and the River, Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Fort Worth, Texas and Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, Missouri (organizers).  Venues: Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Fort Worth, Texas, October 2, 2014–January 18, 2015; Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, Missouri, February 22–May 17, 2015; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York, June 17–September 20, 2015 [exh.cat.]

Picturing Mississippi, 1817– 2017: Land of Plenty, Pain, and Promise, Mississippi Museum of Art, Jackson, Mississippi (organizer). Venue: Mississippi Museum of Art, Jackson, Mississippi, December 9, 2017–July 8, 2018. [exh. cat]

Terra Collection-in-Residence, Colby College Museum of Art, Waterville, Maine, June 6, 2022-June 30, 2025.

"For the Ex-Confederates: Works of the Late G.C. Bingham to be Sold March 25." Kansas City Star (March 18, 1893): 5. Text p. 5, col. 1.

"The Bingham Paintings Sold." Kansas City Star (March 25, 1893): 1. Text p. 1, col. 6.

"The Bingham Paintings." Kansas City Journal (March 25, 1893): 3. Text p. 3, col. 1.

"Sold at Auction: The Best of General Bingham's Paintings Went at Low Prices." Kansas City Journal (March 26, 1893): 2, col. 4. Text p. 2.

Whitney, Carrie W. Kansas City, Missouri; Its History and Its People 1800–1908. Vol. I. Chicago, Illinois: The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1908. Text p. 609.

Rusk, Fern Helen. George Caleb Bingham: The Missouri Artist. Jefferson City, Missouri: The Hugh Stephens Company, 1917. Text pp. 34–37, 69, 107, 121; pl. XVIII.

M.P., “George Caleb Bingham.” Bulletin of the City Art Museum of St. Louis 9, no. 4 (October 1924): 57–62. Text p. 60.

Childs, Marquis W. "George Caleb Bingham." American Magazine of Art 27 (November 1934): 594–99. Text p. 598.

"Bingham, First Missouri Artist Painted American Scene Vividly." American Collector III (February 7, 1935): 6. Text p. 6.

Christ-Janer, Albert. George Caleb Bingham of Missouri: The Story of an Artist. Preface by Thomas Hart Benton. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1940. Text pp. 35, 37, 158n8.

Larkin, Lew. Bingham: Fighting Artist, The Story of Missouri's Immortal Painter, Patriot, Soldier, and Statesman. Kansas City, Missouri: Burton Publishing Company, 1954. Text pp. 59–60.

 McDermott, John Francis. George Caleb Bingham: River Portraitist. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959. Text pp. 161–62, 420n106; ill. p. 273, pl. 77 (black & white, as The Jolly Flatboatment No. 2).

Bloch, E. Maurice. George Caleb Bingham: A Catalog Raisonné. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1967. Text p. 62, no. 157 (as The Jolly Flatboatmen No. 2).

Bloch, E. Maurice. George Caleb Bingham: The Evolution of An Artist. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1967. Text pp. 92–97, 102, 248, 250, 252; ill. no. 56 (black & white).

Out of Sight: Works of Art from San Diego Collections. (exh. cat., Fine Arts Gallery of San Diego). San Diego, California: The Gallery, 1972. Text and ill (as Jolly Flatboatmen).

Moure, Nancy Wall. American Narrative Painting. (exh. cat., Los Angeles County Museum of Art). Los Angeles, California: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1974. Text p. 68; ill. p. 69, no. 27 (color).

Bloch, E. Maurice. The Drawings of George Caleb Bingham, With a Catalogue Raisonné. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1975. Text p. 247; ill. p. 247, pl. XXIII (black & white, as The Jolly Flatboatmen (2)).

Reif, Rita. “$980,000 for a Bingham Sets a U.S. Record.” The New York Times (June 7, 1978). Text p. 22; ill. p. 22 (detail, black and white, as The Jolly Flatboatmen, No. 2).

"Bingham's Flatboatmen Goes for Record $980,000." The Los Angeles Herald Examiner (June 7, 1978): 32. Text p. 32.

Townsend, Dorothy. "U.S. Painting Auctioned for $980,000 in L.A." The Los Angeles Times; Miami Herald (June 7, 1978): 1, col. 4. Text p. 1, col. 4.

Reif, Rita. "$980,000 Buys Bingham Work." The Kansas City Times (June 8, 1978): 6. Text p. 6. Ill. p. 6 (detail).

Sarrano, Richard A. "$980,000 Buys Bingham Work." The Kansas City Times (June 8, 1978): 6. Text p. 6 (as The Jolly Flatboatmen, No.2).

Hoffman, Donald. “Interest in Bingham Works Rising.” Kansas City Star (June 8, 1978). Text.

“Record Sale.” Shreveport Journal (June 8, 1978). Text; ill. (appears in installation photograph).

“Record Auction Price.” Newsday (June 10, 1978). Text.

“Hirschl & Adler paid an astounding $980,000 for George Caleb Bingham’s ‘The Jolly Flatboatmen.’” The Gray Letter 3 no. 23 (June 12, 1978): 3. Text p. 3.

Bohlin, Virginia. “980,000 Paid for Frontier Painting.” The Boston Globe (June 18, 1978). Text.

Kramer, Hilton. "The Influence of Money on Taste." The New York Times (June 18, 1978): 27–28. Ill. p. 27 (as The Jolly Flatboatmen, No.2).

“The 980,000 Bingham.” The ARTnewsletter 3 no. 22 (June 27, 1978): 5-6. Text p. 5-6.

"Treasure Hunting." Antiques Monthly (July 1978): 4A. Ill. p. 4A.

Jordan, George E. “$pectacular $ales Figures.” The Times-Picayune (July 9, 1978): 8. Text. p. 8; ill. p. 8 (as The Jolly Flatboatmen, No.2).

"Looking Like a Million." Continental Airlines Flight Time (August 1978): 36–37. Ill. pp. 36–7 (color, as The Jolly Flatboatmen, No.2).

Boneti, Charles. “Painting sold by museum turns to gold.” The Berkshire Eagle (August 12, 1978). Text p. 17. ill. p. 17 (detail as Jolly Flatboatmen No. 2).

“Front Matter—Sotheby Parke Bernet.” The Burlington Magazine 120, no. 907 (October 1978): i-civ. Text p. vi; ill. p. vi (black & white, as The Jolly Flatboatmen, No. 2).

Schulze, Franz. "Terra Incognita: A New Museum of American Art." Art News 79, no. 10 (December 1980): 84–87. Text p. 87; ill. p. 86 (color).

Sokol, David M. Life in 19th Century America: An Exhibition of American Genre Painting. (exh. cat., Terra Museum of American Art). Evanston, Illinois: Terra Museum of American Art, 1981. Text pp. 16–17; ill. cover (color).

Kirshner, Judith Russi. "The Terra Collection." United: The Magazine of the Friendly Skies (December 1982): 52–59. Ill. p. 57 (color).

Adams, Henry. "Daniel Terra and American Art: Private Collector to Public Champion." Portfolio 5, no. 1 (January/February 1983): 48–53. Ill. p. 52 (color).

Hemphill, Christopher. "Daniel Terra and His Collection." Town & Country (February 1984): 195. Text p. 195.

Sokol, David M. "The Terra Museum of American Art, Evanston, Illinois." The Magazine Antiques 126, no. 5 (November 1984): 1156–69. Ill. p. 1157; pl. IV (color).

Behrendt, Stephen C. "Originality and Influence in George Caleb Bingham's Art." Great Plains Quarterly 5, no. 1 (Winter 1985): 24–38. Text pp. 24, 28, 31, 38n12; ill. p. 28, fig. 3 (black & white).

Bloch, E. Maurice. The Paintings of George Caleb Bingham: A Catalogue Raisonné. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1986. Text pp. 240–241, no. 413; ill. p. 127, pl. 413 (black & white).

Atkinson, D. Scott et al. A Proud Heritage: Two Centuries of American Art. Edited by Terry A. Neff. (exh. cat., Terra Museum of American Art). Chicago, Illinois: Terra Foundation for the Arts, 1987. Text p. 127; ill. p. 127, pl. T-18 (color).

Roucher, Nancy. “Float down a river frontier.” Instructor (September 1987): 74. Text p. 74; ill. p. 74 (black and white), insert (color).

Shapiro, Michael Edward, Barbara Groseclose, Elizabeth Johns, Paul C. Nagel and John Wilmerding. George Caleb Bingham. (exh. cat., The Saint Louis Art Museum). St. Louis, Missouri and New York: The Saint Louis Art Museum in association with Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1990. Text pp. 172–173; ill. p. 173, fig. 35 (black & white).

Southgate, M. Therese. "The Cover." The Journal of the American Medical Association 263, no. 22 (June 13, 1990): 3008. Text p. 3008; ill. cover (color).

The Jolly Flatboatmen, George Caleb Bingham. Collection Cameo sheet, Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois, September 1990. Ill. (black & white).

Kloss, William et al. America in Art: Fifty Great Paintings Celebrating Fifty Years. (exh. cat., Santa Barbara Museum of Art). Santa Barbara, California: Santa Barbara Museum of Art, 1991. Text p. 16; ill. p. 17 (black & white).

Southgate, M. Therese. "The Cover." The Journal of the American Medical Association Middle East (August 1991): 14. Text p. 14; ill. cover (color).

Rash, Nancy. The Paintings and Politics of George Caleb Bingham. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1991. Text pp. 219–20; ill. p. 219, fig. 67 (black & white).

Marling, Karal Ann. “Art and Ideology in Frontier Missouri: Or, are George Caleb Bingham’s Jolly Flatboatmen Really Happy Whigs?” Reviews in American History 20, no. 1 (March 1992): 30–34. Text p. 34.

Gernes, Todd S. “Review: The Paintings and Politics of George Caleb Bingham by Nancy Rash.” Winterthur Portfolio 27, no. 1 (Spring 1992): 88–90. Text p. 88.

Behrendt, Stephen C. “Review: The Paintings and Politics of George Caleb Bingham by Nancy Rash.” Great Plains Quarterly 12, no. 3 (Summer 1992): 209–210. Text p. 210.

Clarkin, Maura A. and Cynthia Rawson. "Instructional Resources." Art Education 45, no. 5 (September 1992): 25–26. Text p. 26; ill. p. 25.

"Art/Work." Personnel Journal (December 1992): 80. Text and ill. p. 80.

Shapiro, Michael Edward. George Caleb Bingham. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers in association with The National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, 1993. Text p. 138; ill. p. 139 (color).

"Art, Science and Architecture—Terra Museum of American Art.” Rockford Magazine (May 1994): 34. Ill. p. 34.

Buser, Thomas. Experiencing Art Around Us. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Company, 1995. Text p. 182; ill. p. 182, fig. 7–16 (color).

Purves, Alan C. Scott Foresman Literature and Integrated Studies: American Literature. Glenview, Illinois: Scott Foresman, 1997. Text p. 361; ill. p. 361 (color).

Hassrick, Peter H. The American West: Out of Myth, Into Reality. (exh. cat., Terra Museum of American Art, Toledo Museum of Art Ohio). Washington D.C.: Trust for Museum Exhibitions, 2000. Text p. 119; ill.  p. 118, no. 82 (color).

Cartwright, Derrick R. Waves and Waterways: American Perspectives, 1850–1900. (exh. cat., Musée d'Art Américain Giverny). Chicago, Illinois: Terra Foundation for the Arts, 2000. Text p. 15; ill. p. 15, fig. 5 (black & white).

Cartwright, Derrick R. Rivières et rivages: les artistes américains, 1850–1900. (exh. cat., Musée d'Art Américain Giverny). Chicago, Illinois: Terra Foundation for the Arts, 2000. Text p. 15; ill. p. 15, fig. 5 (black & white).

The Extraordinary and the Everyday: American Perspectives 1820–1920. (exh. cat., Musée d'Art Américain Giverny). Giverny, France: Musée d'Art Américain Giverny, 2001. Text pp. 11–12, 22 (checklist); ill. frontispiece (color), p. 11, fig. 4 (black & white).

L'héroïque et le quotidien: les artistes américains, 1820–1920.  (exh. cat., Musée d'Art Américain Giverny). Giverny, France: Musée d'Art Américain Giverny, 2001. Text pp. 11–12, 22 (checklist); ill. frontispiece (color), p. 11 fig. 4 (black & white).

Harvey, Eleanor Jones. The Voyage of the 'Icebergs': Frederic Church's Arctic Masterpiece. Dallas, Texas: Dallas Museum of Art, 2002. Text p. 78; ill. p. 78, fig. 44 (color).

Bourguignon, Katherine M. and Elizabeth Kennedy. An American Point of View: The Daniel J. Terra Collection. Chicago, Illinois: Terra Foundation for the Arts, 2002. Text p. 18; ill. p. 18 (color).

Bourguignon, Katherine M. and Elizabeth Kennedy. Un regard transatlantique. La collection d'art américain de Daniel J. Terra. Chicago, Illinois: Terra Foundation for the Arts, 2002. Text p. 18; ill. p. 18 (color).

Kennedy, Elizabeth. "The Terra Museum of American Art." American Art Review (December 2002): 126–41. Text pp. 126, 129 ; ill. p. 126 (color).

Bourguignon, Katherine M. and Elizabeth Kennedy. The People Work: American Perspectives, 1840–1940. (exh. cat., Terra Museum of American Art). Chicago, Illinois: Terra Foundation for the Arts, 2003. Text pp. 17, 27 (checklist); ill. p. 17, fig. 4 (black & white).

Bourguignon, Katherine M. and Elizabeth Kennedy. Le Travail à l'oeuvre: les artistes américains, 1840–1940. (exh. cat., Terra Museum of American Art). Chicago, Illinois: Terra Foundation for the Arts, 2003. Text pp. 17, 27 (checklist); ill. p. 17, fig. 4 (black & white).

Genocchio, Benjamin.   “Art Review: He Had a Love Affair with American Art.” The New York Times (September 21, 2003). Accessed November 29, 2016. Text.

Richter, Annett. "George Caleb Bingham's River Paintings Revisited: Music and Dance in The Jolly Flatboatmen." Musicological Explorations 5 (2004): 8–41. Text pp. 8–41; ill. p. 37, pl. 4.

Davidson, Susan, ed. Art in the USA: 300 años de innovación. (exh. cat., Guggenheim Museum Bilbao). New York, NY: Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation; Chicago, IL: Terra Foundation for American Art, 2007. Ill. p. 101 (color).

Neset, Arne. Arcadian Waters and Wanton Seas: The Iconology of Waterscapes in Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Culture. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 2009. Text. p. 247 no. 26.

Baumgärtel, Bettina, ed. Die Düsseldorfer Malerschule und ihre internationale Ausstrahlung 1819–1918, Vol. I–II. (exh. cat., Museum Kunstpalast, Düsseldorf, Germany). Düsseldorf: Museum Kunstpalast, 2011. Text Vol. II, p. 328; ill. p. 329, cat. no. 273 (color), cover (detail, color).

Baumgärtel, Bettina, ed. The Düsseldorf School of Painting and its International Influence 1819–1918. (exh. cat. Museum Kunstpalast, Düsseldorf, Germany). Düsseldorf: Museum Kunstpalast, 2011. Text p. 257; ill. p. 257, cat. no. 103 (color), cover (detail, color).

Gentzler, Lynn Wolf, ed. “But I Forget That I Am a Painter and Not a Politician": The Letters of George Caleb Bingham. Columbia, MO: State Historical Society of Missouri, 2011. Text pp. 12, 456–457n3.

Stadel, Stefanie.  “Düsseldorf entdeckt seine Malerschule.” Welt (September 25, 2011). Accessed November 29, 2016. Text.

Rykner, Didier.  “The Dusseldorf School.” The Art Tribune (November 22, 2011). Accessed November 29, 2016. Text.

Ruhs-Woltschützke, Irmgard.   “Lebendiger Ruhm: Die Kunstakademie und die Düsseldorfer Malerschule.”  rheinische Art kulturMagazin (December 2011). Accessed November 29, 2016. Ill. (color).

Udall, Sharyn Rohlfsen. Dance and American Art: A Long Embrace. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2012. Text, p. 38; ill. p. 38, fig. 19 (color).

American Encounters: Genre Painting and Everyday Life. (exh. cat. Musée du Louvre, Crystal Bridges Museum of Art, High Museum of Art). Chicago, Illinois: Terra Foundation for American Art, 2012. Text pp. 31–32, 62, 64; ill. p. 62, cat. no. 5 (color), cover (detail, color), frontispiece and title page (color).

New Frontier: Les travaux et le jours : aux sources de la peinture de genre américain. (exh. cat. Musée du Louvre, Crystal Bridges Museum of Art, High Museum of Art).  Chicago, Illinois: Terra Foundation for American Art, 2012. Text pp. 31–32, 62, 64; ill. p. 62, cat. no. 5 (color), cover (detail, color), frontispiece and title page (color).

Kirchberger, Nico.  “Hochschule für Weltklasse.” Titel Magazine (February 23, 2012). Accessed November 29, 2016. Ill. (color).

Peacock, Leslie Newell. “’Genre Painting and Everyday Life,’ ‘Genre Scenes on Paper’ Open Saturday.”Arkansas Times (May 8, 2013). Accessed November 29, 2016. Text.

Luarca-Shoaf, Nenette, Claire Berry, Nancy Huegh, Elizabeth Mankin Kornhauser, Dorothy Mahon. Andrew J. Walker, and Janeen Turk. Navigating the West: George Caleb Bingham and the River. (exh. cat. Amon Carter Museum of American Art and Saint Louis Art Museum). Fort Worth, Texas: Amon Carter Museum of American Art and Saint Louis, Missouri: Saint Louis Art Museum, 2014. Text. pp. 71, 100, 129; ill. p. 163, pl. 48 (color), p. 128, fig. 43 (detail, color, black &white), p. 130, fig. 74 (detail, color, black &white).

“’Navigating the West’ Offers Some of the Best of Bingham.” Miller, Sarah Bryan. St. Louis Post-Dispatch (February 28, 2015). Accessed November 29, 2016. Text.

“George Caleb Bingham’s Great American Masterpiece, The Jolly Flatboatmen, is Acquired by the National Gallery of Art, Washington.” National Gallery of Art (May 29, 2015). Accessed November 4, 2016. Text.

Wierich, Jochen.Picturing Mississippi, 1817–2017: Land of Plenty, Pain, and Promise" (exh. cat. Mississippi Museum of Art, Jackson, Mississippi). Jackson, Mississippi: Mississippi Museum of Art, 2017. Text: pp. 38, 69 (checklist); ill. p. 38, fig. 33, p. 109 (color).

Bourguignon, Katherine M., and Peter John Brownlee, eds. Conversations with the Collection: A Terra Foundation Collection Handbook. Chicago: Terra Foundation for American Art, 2018. Text p. 104; ill. p. 104 (color).